ഉൽപത്തി പുസ്തകം ഡോ .ജോസഫ് തൊണ്ടിപ്പറമ്പിൽ

DXv]¯n¸pkvXI¯n\v B t]cv e`n¡p¶Xv, ]gb\nba¯nsâ {Ko¡v ]cn`mjbmb sk]vXzPn´n 'DXv]¯n' F¶ AÀ°w hcp¶ sKs\knkv (GENESIS) F¶ hm¡psImïv Cu ]pkvXIw XpS§p¶XpsImïmWv. temI¯nsâ DXv]¯nbpw AXn C{kmtben\pÅ Øm\hpamWv {KÙw apJyambpw {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. c£mIcNcn{Xw IrXyambn ]dªm A{_ml¯nsâ hnfntbmsSbmWv (DXvv] 12,1) XpS§p¶sX¦nepw HcÀ°¯n krjvSnbpsS Bcw`¯n¯s¶ ssZh¯nsâ ]²Xnbpw shfns¸Sp¯s¸SpIbmbncpì. ]qÀÆ]nXmhmb A{_mls¯ ssZhw hnfn¨v Im\m³ tZit¯¡v \bn¡p¶tXmsSbmWv C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw XpS§p¶Xv. AtXmsS ]qÀÆ]nXm¡³amcpsS Ncn{Xw Bcw`n¡pIbmbn. DXv]¯n 12 apX 50 hscbpÅ A²ymb§fn C{kmtbensâ ]qÀÆ]nXm¡³amcmb A{_mlw, Cklm¡v, bmt¡m_v, bmt¡m_nsâ 12 a¡Ä ChcpsS Ncn{XamWpÅXv.

A{_mls¯ hnfn¨ ssZhw Xs¶bmWv Cu {]]©¯nsâbpw {kjvSmhv. P\XIfpw cmjv{S§fpw ssZh¯nsâ krjvSnbmWv. C¡mcyw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xn\pthïnbmWv DXv]. 1 þ 11 hscbpÅ A²ymb§Ä cNn¡s¸«Xv.

DÅS¡w:

DXv]. 1þ2 A²ymb§Ä krjvSnbpsS hnhcW§fmWv. ssZhw krjvSn¨Xv FÃmw \ÃXmbncpì. a\pjy\v BhiyapÅsXÃmw AXn Dïmbncpì. a\pjy\pw ssZhhpw AhnsS ]cn]qÀ® _Ô¯nepw sFIy¯nepamWv Ignªncp¶Xv. a\pjy³ ]m]w sNbvXtXmsS Cu AhØ BsI amdn. a\pjysâ A\pkcWt¡Sv ]dpZokmbnÂ\n¶v _lnjvIrX\mIp¶Xn\v CSbm¡n (DXv]. 3,33). a\pjysâ Xn· hÀ²n¨Xnsâ (6,5,8) ^eambn Pe{]fbw hgn temIw in£n¡s¸«p. (7,17þ24) t\ml F¶ \oXnam\mb a\pjy³ hgn ssZhw ]pXnsbmcp Xeapdbv¡v Bcw`an«p (9.1þ17). Ahcpw \½psS amÀ¤¯n \n¶v AIì t]mbn (9,18þ29) hnhn[ cq]§fn a\pjysâta B[n]Xyw ]peÀ¯nb Xn· _mt_ense tKm]pc \nÀ½mW¯nte¡v Ahs\ \bn¨p (11,1þ9). a\pjycminbpsS NnXdn¡s¸Sembncpì AXnsâ A´yw (11,9)

F¦nepw ssZhw a\pjys\ Ahsâ ssZ\ymhØbn ssIhn«nÃ. A{_mlw F¶ hyànsb hnfn¡p¶XneqsS Hcp ]pXnb A²ymbw AhnSp¶v XpS§pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv (12,1þ3).

aq¶v hmKvZm\§fmWv ssZhw A{_ml¯n\v \evInbXv. \ns¶ Hcp P\Xbm¡pw; \n\¡v Hcp cmPyw \evIpw; \n¶neqsS temIP\Xsb apgph³ Rm³ A\p{Kln¡pw. (22:18) 22þmas¯ A²ymb¯n '\n¶neqsS' F¶Xv \nsâ k´XnbneqsS F¶m¡n. HcÀ°¯n ]n¶oSpÅ thZ]pkvXI`mKw apgph\pw A{_mlt¯mSpw ssZhw sNbvX Cu hmKvZm\§fpsS Ncn{XamWv. Chbn BZyt¯Xv cïpw \ns¶ Rm³ Hcp P\Xbm¡pw; \n\¡v Rm³ Hcp cmPyw \ÂIpw. Ch ]gb\nba¯n ]qÀ¯nbmbn. A{_ml¯nâ k´XnbneqsS temIw apgph³ A\p{KloXamIp¶Xnsâ Ncn{XamWv ]pXnb\nbaw (Kem 4,4; eq¡m 1, 54)

DXvv]¯nbpsS ]pkvXIs¯ cïmbn hn`Pn¡mw

  1. Ncn{XmXoX Ncn{Xw (Primeval History)

    I, 111, 26

  1. a. 1, 12, 4 krjvSnsb¡pdn¨pÅ ]ptcmlnX ]mc¼cyw
  2. 2, 4 b 2 : krjvSnsb¡pdn¨pÅ FtemlnÌ ]mc¼cyw
  3. 3, 124 : hogvNbpw in£mhn[nbpw
  4. 4, 126 : Imtb\pw Bt_epw
  5. 5, 16, 8 : Pe{]fb¯n\p ap¼pÅ XeapdIÄ
  6. 6, 99, 29 : Pe{]fbw
  7. 10, 132 : P\XIfpsS ]«nI
  8. 11, 19 : _mt_ense tKm]pcw
  9. 11, 1026 : tjw apXÂ tXdmlv hsc
  1. ]qÀÆ]nXm¡fpsS Ncn{Xw (Patriarchal History)

    II, 27..50, 26

    1. 11, 2725, 18 : ]qÀÆ]nXmhmb A{_mlw
    2. 25, 1927, 45 : ]qÀÆ]nXmhmb Cklm¡v
    3. 27, 4636, 43 : ]qÀÆ]nXmhmb bmt¡m_v
    4. 37, 145, 25 : ]qÀÆ]nXmhmb butk¸v
    5. 46, 150, 26 : C{kmtb CuPn]vänÂ

DXv]¯n¸pkvXIw ]©{KÙnbpsS ]Ým¯e¯nÂ

DXv]¯n¸pkvXIw {]]©¯nsâ DÛhhpw AXn C{kmtbensâ Øm\hpw hnhcn¡pì. A{_mls¯ hnfn¨v At±l¯n \nìw ssZhw Hcp P\Xbv¡v cq]w \ÂIpì. bmt¡m_nsâ 12 a¡fmWv C{kmtb P\¯nsâ 12 tKm{X§fpsS ]nXm¡³amÀ. Cu 12 tKm{X§fmWv C{kmtb F¶ P\Xbmbn¯oÀ¶Xv. DXv]¯n¸pkvXI¯nsâ Ahkm\¯n bmt¡m_nsâ a¡Ä CuPn]vXn IpSntbdn AhnsS Xmakapd¸n¡p¶XmWv \½Ä ImWp¶Xv. ]pd¸mSnsâ {KÙ¯nsâ BZy`mK¯pXs¶ Cu P\X CuPn]vXpImcpsS ASnaIfmbn¯ocp¶ Ncn{XamWpÅXv. ]pd¸mSnsâ {KÙ¯nsâ BZy`mK¯pXs¶ Cu P\X CuPn]vXpImcpsS ASnaIfmbn¯ocp¶ Ncn{XamWpÅXv. _n. kn. 19þmw \qäm­n CuPn]vXv `cn¨ncp¶ lnIvtkmkv (Hyksos) cmPhwi¯nsâ Ime¯v l_odp (habiru) Fs¶mcp Iq«w ASnaIÄ CuPn]vän Dïmbncp¶Xmbn tcJIfpïv. Ncn{XImc³amÀ Cu 'l_odp' P\Xsb sl{_mbÀ Bbn IW¡m¡pì. Cu P\Xbmbncp¶ncn¡Ww CuPn]vänse hnizhnJymX§fmb ]ncanUpIfpw CXcaµnc§fpw ]WpXpbÀ¯nbXv. ]pd¸mSnsâ Bcw`¯n C{kmtb¡mÀ A\p`hn¨ncp¶ IjvS¸mSpIfpsS hnhcWw CXpambn tbmPn¨pt]mIp¶XmWv.

ssZhw Cu P\XbpsS \nehnfntI«v tami F¶ t\Xmhnsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ, Ahsc CuPn]vXnse ASna¯¯nÂ\n¶v tamNn¸n¨v ]pd¯psImïphcp¶Xnsâ hnhcWamWv 40 A²ymb§fpÅ ]pd¸mSv ]pkvXI¯nsâ DÅS¡w. AÛpX§fpw ASbmf§fpw {]hÀ¯n¨psImïv btlmhbmb ssZhw C{kmtb¡msc ASna¯¯nsâ `h\¯n \n¶v ]pd¯psImïphì. \mev]XphÀjw AhÀ acp`qanbneqsS Aeªp \S¶Xn\ptijamWv hmKvZm\`qanbmb Im\m³ \m«n {]thin¨Xv. ]pd 19,1þ25  ssZhw Cu P\Xbpambn DS¼Snbn {]thin¡pì. ko\mbv DS¼Sn (Covenant at Sinai) F¶mWv CXdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. CXphgnbmbn C{kmtb¡mÀ ssZh¯nsâ kz´w P\hpw ssZhw C{kmtbensâ ssZhhpambn amdn. ko\mbv DS¼SnbneqsSbmWv ssZhw A{_ml¯nsâ k´XnIsf Hcp P\Xbmbn¯oÀ¯Xv.

ssZhw kz´ambn sXcsªSp¯ P\w F§s\bmWv Pohnt¡ïXv F¶ Imcyw hyXykvX \nba§fpw Iev]\Ifpw hgn \evIs¸«ncn¡p¶XmWv ]pd¸mSv A²ymbw 20 apX 40 hscbpÅ ]gb\nba`mK¯pw tehycpsSbpw kwJybpsSbpw ]pkvXI§fnepapÅXv. PohnX¯nsâ kakvXtaJeIsfbpw _m[n¡p¶ \nba§fmWv ssZhw \ÂInbncn¡p¶Xv. AXn Gäw {][m\s¸«Xv ]¯p Iev]\IfmWv (]pd 20, 1þ17). AXn\p]pdta ssZhmcm[\ kw_Ôn¨pÅ hfsc hniZamb {]Xn]mZy§fpw AhnsSbpïv. \nÊmc§Ä Fì tXm¶n¡mhp¶ \nba§fpw N«§fpw ]©{KÙnbn \½Ä hmbn¡pt¼mÄ, \½Ä HmÀ¯ncnt¡­ Hcp hkvXpXbpïv. ssZhw Hcp P\Xsb AXpw FÃm hn[¯nepw Gäw ]nt¶m¡mhØbn Ignªncp¶ Hcp P\hn`mKs¯ IrtaW Hcp¡ns¡mïphcnIbmbncpì. AhcpsS PohnXkmlNcy§fnse Gäw sNdnb Imcy§fn t]mepw {i²n¡pI hgnbmbn ssZh¯n\v AhtcmSpÅ kvt\lhpw, Xmev]cyhpw IcpXepamWv {]ISamIp¶Xv.

\nbamhÀ¯\¯nsâ ]pkvXIamIs« C{kmtb P\t¯mSpÅ tamibpsS A´y{]`mjWamWv. ssZht¯mSpÅ ]qÀ®amb A\pkcW¯nepw hnizkvXXbnepw ]cmPbs¸Sp¶ Hcp kw`hw tamibpsS PohnX¯nepïmbn. (kwJy 27, 12þ22, \nb 3,23:). X·qew At±lw hmKvZm\`qanbn {]thin¡bnà F¶v ssZhw tamisb Adnbn¨p. AXpsImïmWv AXphscbpw ]e Ahkc§fnembn P\t¯mSp tami ssZh¯nsâ Iev]\Ifmbn Adnbn¨ncp¶ kwKXnIÄ Hcn¡Â IqSn AhtcmSp ]dbp¶Xv. ]ebnS§fnepw \nba§fpsS BhÀ¯\w ChnsS ImWm³ Ignbpw. AXpsImïmWv {KÙ¯n\v \nbamhÀ¯\w F¶ t]cp Xs¶ e`n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

]©{KÙn, C{kmtbÂP\w Hcp P\Xbmbn cq]w {]m]n¨Xn\ptijw hmKvZm\`qanbn {]thin¡p¶XphscbpÅ Ncn{Xw ssZhimkv{X]camb DÄ¡mgvNItfmsS AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡bmWv. CXv Ncn{XaÃ. Ncn{X¯nsâ ssZhimkv{X]camb hymJym\amWv. AXpsImïpXs¶ ]©{KÙnbpsS `mKambn«pthWw DXv]¯n¸pkvXIs¯ kao]n¡m\pw ]Tn¡m\pw.

{KÙImc³ : cN\bpsS ImeL«w

tamibmWv ]©{KÙnbpsS IÀ¯mhv F¶v blqZ ss{IkvXh ]mc¼cy§Ä km£ys¸Sp¯pì. ssZh¯nsâ Iev]\ A\pkcn¨v tami \nba§fpw Iev]\Ifpw tcJs¸Sp¯nsb¶v ]gb\nba¯n¯s¶ ]ebnS§fnepw km£ys¸Sp¯nbn«pïv (\nb 31, 24þ30). tamibmbncpì C{kmtbensâ Ncn{X¯n Gähpw henb \nbaZmXmhv. kp{][m\§fmb \nba§Ä A[nI ]¦pw tamibpsS Imew apXÂt¡ hmNnI]mc¼cy§fmbn \ne\n¶ncpì. F¶m ]©{KÙn C¶s¯ coXnbn hncNnXamIp¶Xv _m_ntemWnb³ {]hmkt¯mSpIqSnbmsW¶v thZ]pkvXI ]WvUnX³amÀ A`n{]mbs¸Spì. F¶m AXn]pcmX\§fmb ]mc¼cy§fmWv Cu enJnX§Ä¡p ]pdInepÅXv. ]©{KÙnbn bmlvhnÌv (J) FtemlnÌv (J) {]okvväven (P) sUhpt{SmWanÌv (D) F¶n§s\ {][m\ambpw \mep ]mc¼cy§fpsS ka\zbw \S¶Xmbn kqN\Ifpïv. ]©{KÙn¡v AXn¯s¶ Hcp ]qÀ®Xbpïv. DXv]¯nbpsS BZys¯ ]Xns\m¶v A²ymb§Ä ss__nfnse c£mIcNcn{X¯n\v Hcp BapJambn IW¡m¡mhp¶XmWv. temIkrjvSn, a\pjysâ DÛhw, c£mIc]²Xn Bhiyam¡n¯oÀ¯ Xn³abpsS BhnÀ`mhw XpS§nbhbpsS hnhcWw AS§p¶ ]©{KÙn Ncn{X]qÀÆL«s¯ {]Xn]mZn¡pì. c£mIc]²XnbpsS hyàamb Bcw`w Ipdn¡p¶ A{_ml¯nsâ XncsªSp¸p apX C{kmtb a¡Ä CuPn]vXn F¯p¶XphscbpÅ ]qÀÆ]nXm¡³amcpsS Ncn{XamWv ]{´ïp apX A¼XphscbpÅ A²ymb§fn {]Xn]mZn¡p¶Xv. C{kmtb P\s¯ CuPn]vXn \n¶v AÛpXmhlambn tamNn¸n¨v A{_mlt¯mSp hmKvZm\w sNbvXncp¶ tZi¯nsâ IhmS¯n F¯n¡p¶XphscbpÅ kw`h]c¼cIfmWv hyXykvX§fmb \nba§tfmSpw Iev]\ItfmSpsam¸w ]pd¸mSp apX \nbamhÀ¯\w hscbpÅ aäp \mep {KÙ§fn DÅXv.

tPmjzmbpsS t\XrXz¯n hmKvZ¯`qanbn {]thin¨XpapX C{kmtbÂP\w _m_ntemWnb³ {]hmk¯nemIp¶XphscbpÅ Ncn{X¯nsâ BJym\amWv tPzmjzm apX Zn\hr¯m´§Ä hscbpÅ {KÙ§Ä. {]hmk¯n \nì Xncn¨ph¶Xp apX a¡_mb hn¹hw hscbpÅ hr¯m´§fmWv tijn¡p¶ Ncn{X{KÙ§fn {]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

hnhn[ ]mc¼cy§Ä:

  1. bmlvhnÌnIv ]mc¼cyw (J source)

tkmfa³ cmPmhnsâ Ime¯v krjvSn apX DÅ Ncn{Xw AÚmX\mb Hcp Fgp¯pImc³ AXphsc \ne\n¶ncp¶ hmNnI]mc¼cy§Ä DÄs¸Sp¯ns¡mïv cNn¨p. IY ]dbp¶ ssienbmbncpì Ct±l¯nsâXv. ssZhs¯ bmlvth (PÀ½³ `mjbn Jahweh) F¶v hnfn¡p¶ ssienbmbncpì Ct±l¯ntâXv. hmNmeamb Hcp ssienbmWv bmlvhnÌnsâXv. XnI¨pw am\pjnIamb kt¦X§Ä D]tbmKn¨v ssZh¯nsâ kz`mhs¯ bmlvhnÌv AhXcn¸n¡pì. DZmlcWambn ssZhw tXm«¯n \S¡pì (DXv] 3, 8); BZ¯nsâ hmcnsbÃn \n¶v lmhmbv¡v cq]w \ÂIpì (DXv] 2, 21þ22); t]SI¯nsâ hmXn ASbv¡pì (DXv] 7, 16). a\pjykz`mhs¯bpw a\pjy³ A`napJoIcn¡p¶ ASnØm\{]iv\§sfbpw Ipdn¨v AbmÄ¡v Bgamb DÄ¡mgvNIfpïv. acWw, {]khthZ\; PohkÔmcW¯n\pÅ a\pjysâ ITn\m²zm\w XpS§nbhsbÃmw ssZhimkv{X]camb DÄ¡mgvNItfmsS AbmÄ {]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡pì. a\pjysâ Ncn{Xw bmlv hnÌnsâ ImgvN¸mSn hogvNIfpsS Ncn{XamWv. kwkv¡mchpw `uXoI A`nhr²nbpw apt¶dp¶Xv ]m]¯nsâ B[n]Xy¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nemWv. AtXmsSm¸w ssZh¯nsâ Ir]m]qÀ®amb ]cn]me\bpw s]mdpXnbpw Fìw a\pjyt\msSm¸apïv. \ácmbncp¶ a\pjysc AhnSp¶v hkv{Xw [cn¸n¡pì (DXv] 3, 21); Imtbsâ s\änbn kwc£Wap{ZbnSpì (DXv] 4, 15); t\mlsb {]fb¯n \n¶v c£n¡pì (DXv] 8, 18).

  1. FtemlnÌv ]mc¼cyw (E)

IYbpsS KpW]mTw (Moral) AhXcn¸n¡p¶XnemWv FtemlnÌn\p Xmev]cyw. hSt¡ C{kmtbensâ ]mc¼cy§fmWv ChnsS A[nIhpw DÅXv. ssZhs¯ Ftemlnw F¶mWnhnsS kwt_m[\ sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv. GXmïv _n. kn. 85þt\mSSp¯mWv ssZhw C{kmtben\p sNbvX c£mIc{]hÀ¯\§Ä FtemlnÌv cNn¡p¶Xv. hSt¡ cmPyambncp¶ C{kmtben (sXt¡ cmPyw bqZm F¶mWv hnfn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv) \ne\n¶ncp¶hbmWv butk¸v, dmtlÂ, F{^mbnw apXembhsc Npän¸änbpïmbncp¶ ]mc¼cy§Ä. A{_ml¯nsâ hnfnsImïmWv FtemlnÌv Xsâ hnhcWw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. ssZhhpw a\pjy\pw X½nepÅ AIew FtemlnÌp Nqïn¡mWn¡pì. kz]v\§Ä, ZÀi\§Ä; tamibpsSbpw {]hmNI³amcpsSbpw am[yØw XpS§nbhbneqsSbmWv ssZhw a\pjy\pambn _Ôs¸Sp¶Xv. ssZht¯mSpÅ _Ôs¯ DS¼Snbmbn«mWv FtemlnÌv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ssZht¯mSpw aäp a\pjytcmSpapÅ Hcp hyànbpsS ISaIfpw IS¸mSpIfpw \nbaw hgnbmbn {]tXyIn¨v ]¯p{]amW§Ä hgnbmbn, FtemlnÌv AhXcn¸n¡pì.

_n. kn. 722 þ AÊodnbm¡mÀ C{kmtbens\ B{Ian¨v Iogvs¸Sp¯nbt¸mÄ hS¡p\nìÅ C{kmtbense Úm\nIÄ FtemlnÌp ]mc¼cy§Ä bqZmbnte¡v sImïpt]mì. slk¡nbm cmPmhnsâ Ime¯v bmlvhnÌv þ FtemlnÌp ]mc¼cy§sf Iq«ntbmPn¸n¨v AÚmX\mb Hcp hyàn C{kmtbensâ Ncn{Xw cNn¨p F¶mWv IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶Xv. {]kvXpX hyàn bmlvhnÌp ]mc¼cy§Ä¡p ap³Xq¡w sImSp¯p Fì thWw IcpXm³.

  1. sUhpt{SmWanÌv ]mc¼cyw (D)

AÊodnbm¡mÀ hSt¡ cmPyw Iogvs¸Sp¯nbtXmsS, AhnsS \n¶v [mcmfw BfpIÄ sX¡p`mKt¯¡v IpSntbdpIbp­mbn. kzm`mhnIambpw X§fpsS aX]mc¼cy§ÄIqSn AhÀ sImïpt]mì. FtemlnÌv ]mc¼cyw A¡q«¯nÂs¸«Xmbncpì. AXn\p]pdta, \nba§fpw N«§fpw kw_Ôn¨ ]mc¼cy§fpw AhÀ¡pïmbncpì. \nbamhÀ¯\{KÙ¯nemWv CXv A[nIhpw \½Ä ImWp¶Xv. \nb 12þ26 hscbpÅ A²ymb§Ä Cu ]mc¼cy¯nsâ tI{µamsWì ]dbmw. _n.kn. 621 þ tPmknbm cmPmhv GÀs¸Sp¯nb kmaqly]cnjv¡cW§fpsS ]pdIn apJyambpw Cu ]mc¼cy§fmWpÅXv (2 cmPm, 22, 8þ23, 24). d)

  1. {]okväven ]mc¼cyw (P)

]©{KÙnbpsS A´nacq]w ]ptcmlnX ]mc¼cy¯m {]tNmZnXamWv. _m_ntemWnb³ ASna¯Ime¯mWv Cu ]mc¼cy§Ä cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. _n.kn. 550 apX 450 hsc ZoÀLn¡p¶ Hcp ImeL«w CXn\p ]pdInepïv. sPdpktew tZhmebw tI{µam¡n ]ptcmlnXt{iWn hnIkn¸ns¨Sp¯ \nba§Ä Gdnb]¦pw Bcm[\{Iakw_v[nbmbncpì. tZhmebhpw Bcm[\{Iahpw ip²nbpw Aip²nbpw XpS§nbhbmWv ChnsS ap³Xq¡w e`n¡p¶ Imcy§Ä. tehycpsSbpw kwJybpsSbpw ]pkvXI§fn A[nI`mKhpw ]ptcmlnX ]mc¼cy¯nÂs¸Spì. tehyÀ 17þ26 A²ymb§fmWv ]ptcmlnX ]mc¼cy¯nsâ ImXÂ. ssZh¯nsâ Iev]\IÄ hnizkvXXm]qÀÆw ]men¨psImïv ssZhhpambn IqSpX ASp¯phcm³ ]ptcmlnX]mc¼cyw Bhiys¸Spì. _m_ntemWn ASnaIfmbnIgnªncp¶ P\¯n\v tZhmebtam Bcm[\tbm Dïmbncp¶nÃ. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv {]amW§fpsS IrXyamb A\pkcWw {]osUäven ]mc¼cyw Bhiys¸«Xv. ssZhw X§fpsS at²y k¶nlnX\msW¶v ]ptcmlnX]mc¼cyw BhÀ¯n¨p {]Jym]n¡pì. DXv] 1, 1þ2, 4 se krjvSnsb¸änbpÅ BZys¯ hnhcWw ]ptcmlnX ]mc¼cy¯nÂs¸«XmWv.

BZnNcn{X¯nse ssZhimkv{X t{]tab§Ä

  1. DXv] 1, 1þ2, 4: {]]©krjvSn

_m_ntemWn ASna¯ Ime¯mWv Cu ]mc¼cyw cq]w sImÅp¶Xv. CXv Ncn{XaÃ; Ncn{XmXoXNcn{XamWv. iq\yXbpw cq]cmlnXyhpambncpì C{kmtbens\ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {]hmkImew. ]ptcmlnX]mc¼cyw, `qXImes¯ A\pkvacn¨v hÀ¯am\Imes¯ hymJym\n¡pIbmWnhnsS sN¿p¶Xv; AXmIs« `mhnsb¡pdn¨v {]Xymi ]IÀì \ÂIpI F¶ e£yt¯mSpIqSn.

  1. 'BImihpw `qanbpw' ssZhw krjvSn¨XmWv. kqcyN{µ·msc ssZh§fmbn¡ïv Ahsb Bcm[n¨ncp¶ Hcp kaql¯nsâ a²y¯nemWv, AhsbÃmw tIhew {kjvShkvXp¡Ä am{XamsW¶ kXyw hn. {KÙImc³ shfns¸Sp¯p¶Xv. Zriyhpw AZriyhpamb FÃmw ssZhw krjvSn¨XmWv.

  2. krjvSnbpsS Bcw`¯n ssZh¯nsâ Bßmhv {]hr¯yp·IamWv (Dev] 1, 2) ]p\krjvSnbnepw AtX Bßmhv {]hÀ¯n¡pì.

  3. BZyw ssZhw krjvSn¡p¶Xv {]ImiamWv. ssZhw ISìhcpt¼mÄ AhnsS {]Imiw DïmIpì. ImcWw ssZhw {]ImiamWv (1 tbml 1, 6). kvt\l¯n Ncn¡p¶h³ {]Imi¯nemWv. (1 tbml 1, 7) ktlmZcs\ shdp¡p¶h³ Ccp«nemWv (1 tbml 3, 11þ18)

  4. Iagv¯nh¨ncn¡p¶ Hcp tIm¸t]msebmWv hn. {KÙImc³ temIs¯ ImWp¶Xv. Imäpw Pehpw FÃmw ssZh¯nsâ BÚbv¡v hnt[bamWv.

  5. kqcyN{µ·msc krjvSn¨ncn¡p¶Xv a\pjyÀ¡v D]Imc{]Zambncn¡m³ thïnbmWv. Ah a\pjys\bmWv tkhnt¡ïXv, '{]Imiw \ÂIm³'; adn¨Ã (1, 15). \£{X^ehpw sNmÆmtZmjw t]msebpÅ hnizmk§fpw XnI¨pw \ncÀ°I§fmWv.

  6. PohPme§Ä 'hÀZv[n¨p s]cpIW'sa¶mWv ssZhw B{Kln¡p¶Xv (1, 21). Poh³ DïmIWsaìw AXv kar²ambn DïmIWsaìw B{Kln¡p¶h\mWv ssZhw.

  7. a\pjy\p am{XapÅXmWv, Ah\nse 'ssZh¯nsâ Omb' (1, 26). a\pjysâ {]tXyIX kqNn¸n¡m\mWv, Ahsâ krjvSn¡papt¼ \S¡p¶ 'BtemN\' '\½psSOmbbn a\pjys\ krjvSn¡mw'.

  8. ]pcpj\nepw kv{Xobnepw Hcpt]msebmWv ssZh¯nsâ Omb. kv{Xo¡v cïmw Øm\w am{Xw Iev]n¨psImSp¡p¶ kwkv¡mc§fpsS t\sc Hcp shÃphnfnbmWnXv.

  9. Adnbm\pw kvt\ln¡m\pw kzX{´ambn sXcsªSp¡m\pw _Ô¯n GÀs¸Sm\papÅ IgnhmWv 'ssZhnIOmbbpsS' apJyImXÂ.

  10. a\pjyÀ 'hÀ²n¨ps]cpIW' sa¶mWv ssZhw B{Kln¡p¶Xv. acWkwkv¡mc¯n\v FXncmb hmIyw.

  11. ssZhw krjvSn¨Xv FÃmw \ÃXmWv (1, 30). ]m]w sNbvXXn\ptijamWv krjvSnbn kwLÀjw DïmIp¶Xv.

  12. km_¯p Znhks¯ ssZhw A\p{Kln¨XmWv. a\pjy\v hn{iaw BhiyamWv. tPmenbpw kz¯pk¼mZ\hpw am{Xaà a\pjysâ e£yw.

  13. ssZhw krjvSn¡p¶Xv bmsXmcp {]bXv\hpanÃmsXbmWv. 'DïmIs«' F¶ hm¡pam{Xw aXn, a²y]uckvXytZi§fn \ne\n¶ncp¶ krjvSnsb¸änbpÅ hnhcW§fn \nìw XnI¨pw hn`n¶amWnXv. F\pam Fenjv XpS§nb ]uckvXy]pcmW§fnÂ, hensbmcp Zzµbp²¯nsâ ^eambmWv PohPme§Ä DcphmIp¶Xv. aÀZpIv tZh\pw, ]mXmfiànIfpambpÅ kacamWXv.

  14. ssZh¯n\v FXncmfnIfnÃ.

  15. krjvSnbpsS Bcw`¯n Hcp thÀXncn¡Â Dïmbncpì (Dev] 1, 4); AXpt]mse Xs¶ kab¯nsâ A´y¯nepw Hcp thÀXncn¡Â DïmIpw. (a¯m 25: 31þ46)

2. krjvSnsb¡pdn¨pÅ bmlvhnÌv ]mc¼cyw : 2, 5þ25
]ptcmlnX]mc¼cyt¯mSp tNÀ¯p hmbnt¡ïXmWv cïmas¯ Cu hnhcWw.

  1. a\pjy³ a®n \nìÅh\mWv. F¶m a\pjy³ a®p am{XaÃ; Ah³ hn®pw IqSn¡eÀ¶h\mWv. 'AXmWv a\pjy\nse 'ssZh¯nsâ izmkhmbp.'

  2. a\pjys\ a®pam{Xambpw, AÃ hn®pam{Xambpw ImWp¶ ImgvN¸mSpIÄ hnIeamWv.

  3. 'a\pjy³ tXm«¡mc\mWv. Ah\v CjvSapÅXpt]mse Cu `qantbmSv {]hÀ¯n¡m³ ]mSnÃ.' tXm«w kq£n¡m\pw Irjn sN¿m\pamWv' a\pjy³ \ntbmKn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv (2, 16). ]cnØnXn Im¯pkq£n¡m³ hnfn¡s¸«h\mWv a\pjy³.

  4. a\pjy\v (]pcpj\v) CWbpw XpWbpambn«mWv kv{Xo krjvSn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. ]pcpj\pw kv{Xobpw ]ckv]cw ]qcIamWv.

  5. ]pcpj\v A\ptbmPyamb CW kv{XobmWv; adn¨pw.

  6. a\pjy\mWv asäÃm PohPme§Ä¡pw t]cnSp¶Xv. {kjvShkvXp¡fpsS taepÅ a\pjysâ B[n]XyamWv AXv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.

  7. kv{XobpsS Øm\w ]pcpjsâ lrZbt¯mSv ASp¯mWv (2, 22) XpeyXbpw ]¦mfn¯hpamWv AXv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.

  8. ]m]w sNbvXXn\ptijamWv kv{Xo ]pcpj AkaXzhpw Iogvs¸Sp¯epw h¶Xv (3, 16þ17). ]pXnb krjvSnbn kv{Xoþ]pcpj kaXzamWv ssZhw \nÝbn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

  9. BZys¯ BZ¯nsâ ]mÀiz¯n \n¶v kv{Xo P\n¨p; cïmas¯ BZamb tbiphnsâ ]mÀizw ]nfÀ¡s¸«t¸mÄ, AhnsS \nìw HgpInb càhpw shÅhpw ]pXnb ssZhP\¯n\v P·w \ÂIp¶ amtamZokmbpsSbpw Ahsc ]pjvSn¸Sp¯p¶ hn. IpÀ_m\bpsSbpw {]XoI§fmWv.

  10. hnhmlt¯mSpIqSn Hcp ]pcpjsâbpw kv{XobpsSbpw PohnX¯n ]pXnb Hcp _Ô¯nsâ Xew DSseSp¡pì. AXphsc kz´w amXm]nXm¡tfmSpïmbncp¶ _Ôw thsdmcp Xe¯n BIpì.

  11. amXm]nXm¡sf hn«p kv{XotbmSp tNcp¶Xv Ahsc ad¡pItbm AhKWn¡pItbm sN¿pIbà (tXm_nXv 4, 3þ4).

  12. ]m]mhØbnemWv \áX eÖmIcambn¯ocp¶Xv(2, 25).

3. a\pjysâ ]X\w: 3, 1 þ 14
]m]¯nsâ kz`mhhpw AXnsâ A\´c^e§fpw IYmcq]¯n AhXcn¸n¨ncn¡pì.

  1. a\pjy³ kzX{´\mbn krjvSn¡s¸«ncn¡pì F´p thWsa¶v Ah\v Xocpam\n¡mw. Xsâ {]hr¯nIÄ¡v AbmÄ D¯chmZnbmWv.

  2. hne¡s¸«Xv t\m¡n \nev¡pt´mdpw IqSpX BIÀjIambn tXmìw BkzmZyw þ I®n\v IuXpIw þ A`nImayw.

  3. a\pjy\v ssZhw ]cn[n Iev]n¨n«pïv. a\pjy³ ssZhw BIm³ t\m¡cpXv.

  4. a\pjysâ klhmkw B{Kln¡p¶h\pw AhsâIqsS \S¡p¶h\pamWv ssZhw.

  5. ]m]w sN¿p¶tXmsS a\pjy\v Xsâ A´Êv \jvSs¸Spì. Ahsâ \áX Ah\v shfnhmIpì.

  6. a\pjy\v adp]Sn ]dbm³ ssZhw Ahkcw \evIpì.

  7. ]m]w sN¿p¶tXmsS a\pjyÀ X½n¯½nepw {]IrXnbpambpw AIepì. Ipämtcm]Ww.

  8. ]m]s¯ in£n¡ps¶¦nepw ]m]n¡v {]Xo£ \evIp¶h\mWv ssZhw

  9. kv{XobpsS k´Xn ]nimNnsâ Xe XIÀ¡pw. tbiphmWv kv{XobpsS k´Xn (Kem 4,4); DXv]¯nbnse kv{Xo ]. I\yImadnbamWv. CubÀ°¯nemWv c£Is\¸änbpÅ hmKvZm\w ]dpZokmbn h¨p \evIs¸«XmWv Fì ]dbp¶Xv.

  10. A²zm\w a\pjy\v t¢i]qÀ®amIp¶Xv ]m]¯nsâ kmlNcy¯nemWv.

  11. a\pjysâ ]m]w aqew {]IrXnbpw Zpc´w t]dpì.

  12. a\pjysâ \jvSs¸« A´Êv Xncn¨p\evIp¶h\mWv ssZhw. 'tXm hkv{Xw' [cn¸n¡p¶ ssZh¯nsâ Nn{Xw.

  13. kab¯nsâ ]qÀ®Xbn ssZhw Xsâ XncpkpXs\ Ab¨Xv. \s½ ssZh]p{X·mcmbn DbÀ¯m³ th­nbmWv.

4. Xn·bpsS hfÀ¨ : 4, 1þ6, 4 a)
Akqbbmbncpì BZys¯ sIme]mXI¯n\p ImcWw.

  1. a\:km£nbpsS kzcw hgnbmbn lrZb¯n kwkmcn¡p¶h\mWv ssZhw.

  2. BZ¯nsâ k´m\]c¼cbpw t\ml hscbpÅ XeapdIfpsS t]cp hnhchpw hmNymÀ°¯n FSpt¡ïhbÃ.

  3. a\pjysâ Xn·bpsS ]mcayambncpì 'ssZh]p{XnamÀ' a\pjy]p{Xnamsc hnhmlw sN¿p¶ Imcyw. 'I¿q¡pÅh³ Imcy¡mc³' F¶ Im«p\oXnbpsS ]cnWnX^eamWXv.

  4. a\pjysâ Nn´bpw NmbvhpIfpw ]m]w \ndªXmWv. AXn\memWv ssZhw Pe{]fbw Abbv¡p¶Xv.

5. Pe{]fbw : 6, 5þ9, 17
t\mlsbbpw IpSpw_s¯bpw PohPme§fn BWpw s]®pambn Hmtcm tPmSntbbpw c£n¡p¶ ssZhw, ]pXnb Hcp Bcw`w e£yam¡pì.

  1. t\mlsbbpw s]«Is¯bpw 'HmÀ¯' ssZhw, kvt\l¯nsâ {]XoIamWv.

  2. t\mlbpambn ssZhw \S¯p¶ DS¼Sn FÃm a\pjytcmSpambn«pÅhbmWv. FÃm a\pjycpw ssZh¯n\v {]nbs¸«hcmWv.

  3. aZy¯nsâ Zpcp]tbmKw hcp¯p¶ Xn³abpw t\mlbpsS Ncn{Xw ]Tn¸n¡pì.

6. temIP\XIfpsS DZv`hw : 10, 11, 32

]c¼cmKXambn \ne\n¶ncp¶ hoc]pcpj·mcpsS enkväpw IeIfpw IeÀ¯n, A{_mlw hscbpÅ temIP\XbpsS DZv`hw hn. {KÙImc³ \evIpì. Pe{]fb¯n\ptijw t\mlnsâ ]p{X·mcmb tjansâbpw, lmansâbpw, bmsj¯nsâbpw k´m\]c¼cIfmWv a\pjyhÀ¤w F¶v {KÙImc³ ]Tn¸n¡pì. lo{_p P\X CXn tjansâ k´m\]c¼cbnÂs¸Spì.

_mt_ tKm]pcw (11, 1þ9), ssZhs¯¡qSmsX a\pjy³ \nÀ½n¡p¶ kwkv¡mc¯nsâ {]XoIamWv. AXv A[:]Xnt¨ aXnbmIq. _mt_en ]ckv]cw a\Ênem¡m³ IgnbmsX NnXdn¡s¸« a\pjyÀ, H¶n¨ptNÀ¶v ]ckv]cw a\Ênem¡p¶Xv ]´¡pkvXm Znhkw ]cnip²mßmhnsâ BKa\t¯msSbmWv (A¸ 2:1þ4).

BZnNcn{X¯n shfns¸Sp¯s¸Sp¶ ssZh¯nsâ Nn{Xw : ssZh¯nsâ ]²Xnbn in£bÃ; c£bmWv Ahkm\s¯ hm¡v.

  1. BZnamXm]nXm¡·mcpsS ]X\w þ in£. c£Is\ hmKvZm\w sN¿p¶ ssZhw.

  2. Bt_ens\ h[n¨ Imtb³ þ in£ þ kwc£Wap{Z Imtb\v \evIp¶ ssZhw

  3. t\mlbpsSImes¯ a\pjyhÀ¤w þ in£, {]fbw þ t\mltbmSp DS¼Sn \S¯p¶ ssZhw

  4. _mt_ tKm]pcw þ in£, NnXdn¡s¸« a\pjyhÀ¤w þ A{_mls¯ hnfn¡p¶ ssZhw.

]qÀÆ]nXm¡·mcpsS Ncn{Xw : DXv] 12þ50.

  1. A{_mlw : 12, 1þ25, 18 :

    • A{_ml¯nsâ hnfn: 12, 1þ9

    • A{_mlhpw kmdmbpw CuPn]vXnÂ: 12, 10þ20

    • tem¯v thÀ]ncnbpì 13, 1þ18

    • A{_mlhpw cmPm¡·mcpw 14, 1þ24

    • A{_mlhpambpÅ DS¼Sn 15, 1þ20

    • lmKmdpw Ckvambnepw 16, 1þ16

    • tNZ\mNmchpw DS¼Snbpw 17,1þ27

    • tkmtZmw, tKmtamd 18, 1þ19, 38

    • A{_mlhpw kmdmbpw Kcmdn 20, 1þ18

    • Cklm¡pw Ckvambnepw 21, 1þ21

    • A{_mlhpw A_nsase¡pw 21, 22þ34

    • Cklm¡ns\ '_enbÀ¸n¡pì' 22, 1þ24

    • IpSpw_¡Ãd hm§pì 23, 1þ20

    • Cklm¡n\v PohnX]¦mfn 24, 1þ67

    • A{_ml¯nsâ acWw 25, 1þ18

  2. Cklm¡v : 25, 19þ27, 45

    • Gkmhnsâbpw bmt¡m_nsâbpw ]ndhn : 25, 19þ34

    • Cklm¡v Kcmdn 26, 1þ22

    • Cklm¡v t_Àsj_mbn 26, 23þ35

    • Cklm¡nsâ BinÀhmZw 27, 1þ45

  3. bmt¡m_v 27, 46þ36, 43

    • ]mZmw Bcmante¡pt]mIp¶ bmt¡m_v 27, 46þ28, 9

    • bmt¡m_nsâ ZÀi\w 28, 10þ22

    • bmt¡m_nsâ hnhmlw 29, 1þ30

    • bmt¡m_n\v Ip«nIÄ ]nd¡pì 29, 31þ30, 24

    • bmt¡m_pw em_m\pw 30, 25þ43

    • bmt¡m_nsâ aS¡bm{X 31, 1þ21

    • em_m³ ]n´pScpì 31, 22þ42

    • bmt¡m_pw em_m\pw X½n DS¼Sn 31, 43þ32, 1

    • Gkmhns\ I­pap«m³ Hcp§pì 32, 2þ21

    • bmt¡m_v ssZhhpambn aÃnSpì 32, 22þ32

    • bmt¡m_v Gkmhns\ I­pap«pì 33, 1þ20

    • Zo\m A]am\n¡s¸Spì 34, 1þ31

    • bmt¡m_v _tYen 35, 1þ20

    • Gkmhnsâ k´Xn ]c¼c : 36, 1þ43

  4. butk¸v : 37, 1þ50, 26

    • butk¸v hn¡s¸Spì 37, 1þ36

    • bqZmbpw Xmamdpw 38, 1þ30

    • butk¸v ImcmKrl¯n 39, 1þ23

    • kz]v\w hymJym\n¡p¶ butk¸v 40, 1þ23

    • butk¸v ^dthmbpsS kz]v\w hymJym\n¡pì 41, 1þ36

    • butk¸v ^dthmbpsS tkh\¯n 41, 37þ57

    • butk¸nsâ ktlmZccpsS BZybm{X 42, 1þ38

    • butk¸nsâ ktlmZccpsS cïmas¯ bm{X 43, 1þ34

    • butk¸v ktlmZc·msc ]co£n¡pì 44, 1þ34

    • butk¸v Xs¶¯s¶ shfns¸Sp¯pì 45, 1þ28

    • bmt¡m_nsâ CuPn]vXv bm{X 46, 1þ34

    • bmt¡m_pw a¡fpw CuPn]vXn 46, 28þ42, 12

    • butk¸nsâ `cW]cnjv¡mc§Ä 47, 13þ26

    • bmt¡m_v butk¸nsâ a¡sf Zs¯Sp¡pì 48, 1þ22

    • bmt¡m_nsâ BinÀhmZw 49, 1þ33

    • bmt¡m_nsâ acWhpw kwkv¡mchpw 50, 1þ14

    • butk¸nsâ acWw 50, 15þ26

]qÀÆ]nXm¡·mcpsS PohnX¯nse Hmtcm kw`hhpw ssZhimkv{X]camb DÄ¡mgvNIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶hbmWv. AhsbÃmw hgnbmbn ssZhw \s½ ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw Xncp¯pIbpw sN¿pì (2 Xntam 3, 16þ17). ]nXm¡·mcpsS Ncn{X¯n ImWp¶ Hcp coXnbmWv sXcsªSp¸pw Hgnhm¡epw.

  • A{_ml¯nsâ IpSpw_w sXcªSp¡s¸«t¸mÄ _m¡nbpÅh Hgnhm¡s¸Spì.

  • Cklm¡v sXcsªSp¡s¸«p, Ckvambn Hgnhm¡s¸«p

  • bmt¡m_v sXcsªSp¡s¸«p, Gkmhv Hgnhm¡s¸«p ssZhamWv Ncn{X¯nsâ \mY³ F¶v ChnsS shfns¸Sp¯s¸SpIbmWv.

  • c£mIcNcn{Xw cïp Xe§fnembn apt¶dpì. a\pjysâ `mK¯p\n¶v ]m]w; ssZhw, Ir] sNmcnbpì.

  • _n.kn. 2000 þ1500 hscbpÅ ImeL«¯n saskms¸mt«anbmbnepw CuPn]vXnepw \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlymNmc§Ä ]qÀÆ]nXm¡·mcpsS Ncn{X¯n DS\ofw ImWm³ Ignbpw. (16, 1þ4)

  • Zs¯Sp¡p¶ coXn : 25, 29þ34

  • ISnªq ]p{Xsâ AhImiw.

]qÀÆ ]nXm¡·mcpsS ImeL«ambn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶Xv _n.kn. 1600þ1500 hscbmWv.

A{_mls¯ hnizmknIfpsS ]nXmhmbn Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mgpw Hcp a\pjy³ F¶ coXnbn At±l¯nsâ t]mcmbvaIÄ Nq­n¡mWn¡s¸«n«pïv (DXv] 12, 10þ16 ; 20,2). aäp ]nXm¡·mcpsS Imcy¯nepw CXp hmkvXhamWv (DXv] 27, 5þ29; 34, 13þ17; 38, 6þ30).

Ncn{Xtam `qanimkv{Xtam CXc imkv{X§tfm ]Tn¸n¡pIbmbncp¶nà hn. {KÙImcsâ e£yw. ssZhs¯bpw a\pjys\bpw Ipdn¨pÅ Bg¯nepÅ DÄ¡mgvNIfpw hniZoIcW§fpw \ap¡nhnsS e`n¡pì. a\pjys\ krjvSn¨t¸mÄ ssZh¯n\v Ahs\¸änbpïmbncp¶ kz]v\w; ]m]w sN¿pI hgn AXv XIÀ¡s¸Sp¶ hn[w; At¸mgpw a\pjys\ ssIhnSm¯ ssZhw; A{_mlw hgnbmbn Hcp P\Xsb sXcsªSp¯v Xsâ GI]p{Xs\ temI¯nte¡v Abbv¡m³ Ncn{Xs¯ Hcp¡p¶ ssZhw. c£mIcNcn{X¯nse BZys¯ kw`hambn BZnNcn{Xhpw ]qÀÆ]nXm¡·mcpsS Ncn{Xhpw DXv]¯n¸pkvXI¯n {]Xn]mZn¨ncn¡pì.